Method for encapsulating aqueous or hydrophilic material

ABSTRACT

IN THE ENCAPSULATION OF WATER-SOLUBLE SUBSTANCES ACCORDING TO 1.S. PAT. 3,523,906, A VARIATION IS THE CONCENTRATION OF SUCH SUBSTANCE IN THE AQUEOUS CORE SOLUTION IS AVOIDED BY INCORPORATING IN THE AQUEOUS CONTINUOUS PHASE CONTAINING A HYDROPHILIC COLLOID, THE SAME WATERSOULUBLE SUBSTANCE TO BE ENCAPSULATED IN A CONCENTRATION AT LEAST AS GREAT AS ITS CONCENTRATION IN THE AQUEOUS CORE SOLUTION.

United States Patent Olfice AMETHOD ABSTRACT OF THE- DISCLOSURE 'In the encapsulation of water-soluble substances according to U.S. Pat. 3,523,906, a variation in the concentration of such'subs'tance in the aqueous core solution is avoided byincorporating in the aqueous continuous phase containing a hydrophilic colloid, the same watersoluble substance to be encapsulated in a concentration at least as great as its concentration in the aqueous core solution.

The invention relates toa process for forming microcapsules comprising an aqueous material in a solid mantle of a water-insoluble material.

According to the process described in the U.S. Ser. application No. 724,217, now U.S. Pat. 3,523,906, issued Aug. 11, 1970, microcapsules comprising water or other aqueous material or (a) hydrophilic substance(s) in a solid mantle of a polymeric materialare formed by:

(A) emulsifying or dispersing the aqueous material or a hydrophilic substance or substances in a solution of a polymeric material, the solvent for said polymeric material being water-immiscible and having a boiling point lower than 100 C.;

(B) emulsifying the emulsion or dispersion obtained in an aqueous solution of a hydrophilic colloid; and

(C) removing the solvent for the polymeric material from the system so formed by evaporation.

In the specification hereinafter the aqueous phase used for filling the capsules is called the first aqueous phase and the aqueous phase in which the droplets of the first aqueous phase surrounded by the organic polymer solution are dispersed is called the second aqueous phase.

It has been found experimentally that when the first aqueous phase surrounded by the organic polymer solution is emulsified in the aqueous solution of hydrophilic colloid, a transfer of substances dissolved in the first aqueous phase to the second aqueous phase takes place. This makes it impossible to encapsulate aqueous solutions of a given concentration.

It has been found now that aqueous solution can be encapsulated without removal or Without substantial removal of (a) dissolved substance(s) from the capsule fill solution during the encapsulation process.

It has been found indeed that the transfer of (a) dissolved substances(s) from the first aqueous phase into the second one can be prevented by dissolving in the latter phase said substance(s) in substantially the same or higher concentration as in the first aqueous phase.

It the compositions of the first and second aqueous phases are the same, the emulsifying steps designated (A) and (B) in the above definition of the process according to the U.S. Ser. application No. 724,217, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,523,906 can be performed in immediate or very close succession so as to prevent or avoid any tendency of the capsule droplets formed in step (A) to coagulate. The difierent operations can be performed in the same mixing vessel.

3,645,911 Patented Feb. 29, 1972 The method of the present invention is limited in that way that the substances dissolved in the second aqueous phase should not precipitate the dissolved hydrophilic colloid present in said phase. It is a function of the dissolved hydrophilic colloid in the second aqueous phase to act as a protective colloid and dispersing agent for the polymer-surrounded aqueous droplets.

Since it is very difiicult to obtain capsule shells that are completely impermeable to water, particularly when pressure-rupturable capsules have to be produced with a very thin wall, it is necessary to enclose in the aqueous capsulefill a water-retaining or hygroscopic substance that does not migrate through the capsule wall.

I-Iygroscopic substances causing water to remain encased are, e.g. glycerol, and other polyols having a waterattracting character, and mineral water-attracting substances such as hygroscopic salts, e.g., magnesium chloride.

When applying the present invention it is possible to encapsulate said hygroscopic substances in a well determined proportion in respect of the water. Moreover, very high concentrated aqueous solutions can be encapsulated and consequently hygroscopic substance(s) can be enveloped in any amount retarding drying out of the capsules under normal and low relative humidity conditions.

The second phase has not to be considered as Wasted after a first encapsulation. Indeed, both phases may be of substantially the same composition although the second aqueous phase may comprise a higher concentration of the ingredient or ingredients to be encapsulated with water than the first one. As a result, after removal of organic liquid and of capsules, and if necessary after dilution the second aqueous phase can be re-used in a following encapsulation batch if the substance(s) to be encapsulated do not cause flocculation of the hydrophilic colloid.

After the concept of the present invention has been stated in general, there will now be given particulars concerning its application and the ingredients applied therein.

The capsule shells enveloping the aqueous composition, which includes aqueous solutions as well as aqueous dispersions, are preferably made of (a) water-insoluble substance(s) that is (are) soluble in a Water-immiscible solvent or mixture of such solvents and that has (have) or obtain(s) by evaporating the solvent(s) and/or by hardening or cross-linking a sufficient cohesion power to be capable of forming a coherent envelope (film) around the aqueous liquid fill.

In the process according to the invention, practically all preformed, film-forming, hydrophobic polymers inasmuch as they are resistant to water and soluble in a water-immiscible solvent having a boiling point lower than C., are suited for forming the capsule wall.

Film-forming substances suited for preparing the capsule Wall according to the present invention are of the class of hydrophobic addition polymers formed by polymerisation or copolymerisation of vinyl polymers such as styrene, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, vinyl esters, vinyl ethers, acrylic acid esters and methacrylic acid esters, acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile.

Further are mentioned hydrophobic polymers that are soluble in a water-immiscible organic solvent and have been prepared by a polycondensation reaction, such as polyamides and polyester-amides, polycarbonates, e.g. a polycarbonate of 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl)-propane, polycarboxylic acid esters of polyols or polyphenols, polysulphonates and polyphosphonates. Still further are mentioned hydrophobic polymers that are soluble in a waterimmiscible organic solvent and are prepared by a polyaddition reaction e.g. polyurethanes and hydrophobized hydrophilic polymers and modified hydrophobic polymers, e.g. hydrophobic cellulose derivatives, particularly ethylcellulose and hydrophobic chlorinated elastorners, e.g. When exposing the capsule to normal atmospheric circhlorinated rubber. cumstances, the encapsulated water will remain encased Information about solvents that are immiscible with only for a limited period of time because of the relawater and have a boiling point below 100 C. can be tively high water-permeability of the polymeric capsule found in the book of C. Marsden: Solvents Manual with 5 wall. However, the substances dissolved or emulsified in Solubility Chart, Elsevier Press Inc., New York 1954). the water will remain encased. Substances causing water Miscibility or immiscibility data of the most common to remain encased may be added either to the aqueous solvents with water can be found in the tables on pp. phase or to the polymer solution.

1394 to 1401 of DAnsumd Lax, Taschenbuch fiir Che- The capsules prepared according to the present invenmiker und Physiker, Springer Verlag, Berlin (1949). tion can be applied in a recording system wherein cap- Suitable water-immiscible solvents are aliphatic and sules are ruptured by an image-wise applied pressure. aromatic water-repellent solvents e.g. hydrocarbons such The capsules can also be applied in light-sensitive reas n-hexane, benzene, halogenated hydrocarbons, e.g. cording systems and materials. E.g. ingredients suitable methylene chloride and carbon tetrachloride, and waterfor use in photographic processing can be encapsulated immiscible ethers, e.g. diethyl ether. and set free at the proper moment in photographic proc- The hydrophilic colloid used as dispersing agent in essing by melting or rupturing the capsule shells. So, it the second aqueous phase is preferably for at least 1% is possible to incorporate a very active hardening agent by weight soluble in water at room temperature. Suitin encapsulated form into a gelatin-containing layer of able hydrophilic colloids are hydrophilic natural colloids, a silver halide photographic material, and to set it free modified hydrophilic natural colloids, or synthetic hydroat the proper moment, e.g. by capsule rupture.

philic colloids. In that respect are particularly mentioned: Further in connection with photographic materials caphydrophilic colloids such as gelatin, glue, casein, zein, sules can be used for preparing so-called packet emulsions hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcelcontaining light-sensitive silver halide. Moreover, caplulose, carboxymethylhydroxyethyl-cellulose, gum arabic, sules may be used that contain one or more photographic sodium alginate, polyvinyl alcohol, poly-N-vinylpyrroliingredients e.g. hydroquinone and other known silver done, polyvinylamine, polyethylene oxide, polystyrene halide developing agents, fixing agents, e.g. compounds Sulphonic acid, P y y acid, Polymethacfylic acid and yielding thiosulphate ions, image-stabilizing agents, e.g. hydrophilic copolymers and derivatives of such polycompounds yielding isothiocyanate ions, development-acmers. From these colloids gelatin is preferably used. Estivating or development-retarding substances, e.g. compecially good results are obtained moreover with polypounds increasing the pH, colour couplers, dyes, physical vinyl alcohol and polystyrene sulphonic acid. developing agents such as compositions comprising a wa- The encapsulation technique of the present invention tor-soluble noble metal salt, e.g. silver nitrate and/or (a) including the step of'removing the water-immiscible solreducing agent(s), in admixture with e.g. hydroquinone vent by the evaporation is applicable for the encapsulaand l-phenyl-3-pyrazolidinone, further diazo compounds tion of aqueous compositions that contain organic Waand/or couplers for use in diazotype recording. In electer-soluble compounds preferably non-ionic organic Watrophotography capsules may be used as toner particles tor-soluble compounds as well as for the encapsulation of the type that contain a liquid fill. of inorganic water-soluble compounds. In thermographic materials capsules can be used hav- The liquid to be en apsulated has n t n c sarily ing a meltable capsule shell and containing (a) reactcontain only dissolved substances; it may also contain dis- 40 ant(s) e.g. a colour coupler, which is set free from the persed particles or substances, e.g. suspended water-atcapsules upon melting of their shell. tracting compounds such as colloidal silica and other In pressure-sensitive materials capsules may be used colloidal particles and pigments. that can be ruptured by pressure and that contain (a) The aqueous compositions that can be encapsulated reactant(s), e.g. a colour coupler for (a) co-reactant(s) may comprise among others: wetting agents, hygroscopic present in the recording sheet itself or in a receiving macompolmds, fillol'escing Compounds, Compounds d C terial wherein they can be transferred, e.g. by diifusion ing or increasing the pH (pH controlling compound), or evaporation, fertilizers, Phytopharmaceuticals, Plant growth hOYmOneS, Colour reactants and compositions suitable to be used Vitamines, Pharmaceuticals, dyes, all types of chemical in a thermographic process and pressure-recording proc- Compollnds, reducing agents, oxidizing agents, hard' ess are mentioned in the following table. In this table filling agents, cross-linking g 6010111 reactants couples of reactants (A) and (B) are listed yielding a catalysts, which have t0 be p apart from visible colour change when contacting each other.

ant(s) or co-reactant(s) till the moment of dissolution, degradation, melting or rupture of the capsule shells.

1. Compounds splitting ofi sulphur such as dithiooxamlde, Inorganic and organic salts or soaps of iron, copper, silver, mercury, lead, nickel, cobalt thioacetamide and p-plienylenedithiourea. and cadmium, such as copper stearate, silver nitrate, silver stearate, silver behenate,

silver palmitate, mercury stearate, lead acetate, lead stearate, lead myristate, nickel acetate, nickel stearate, cobalt stearate, cadmium stearate and lead benzyl mercaptido.

2. Acids such as oxalic acid, and malonic acid Compounds that are sensitive to changes in the pH-value, e.g., leucomalachite green,

leucomethyl green, leucoiuchsine and leucolissamine green.

3. Oxidizing agents such as bcnzoyl peroxide, and totra- All compounds changing colour on oxidation, e.g. p-chlorcaniline,methyl-p-aminophenol chloroquiuonc. sulphate, N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine, antipyrine, pyrogallol, pyrocatechol and 4-methoxy-l-naphthol. 4. Couplers iordiazotypesuehas2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene, Aromatic diazo compounds, e.g. the 4-(N,N-diethylamino)-benzene diazonium double phloroglucinol and resorcinol. salt with zinc chloride, p-nitrobenzene diazonium fluoroborate, and p-diethylaminobenzene-diazonium tetrafluoroborate. 5. l-phenyl-3-pyrazolidinone and derivatives such as l- Silver salts such as silver nitrate and silver behenate, gold salts such as gold chloride and plienyl-4-methyl-3-pyrazolldinone, and 1-(p-tolyl)-5- gold stearate, trlazolium compounds such as 2,3-diphenylnaphtho-[1,21-triazolium phenyl-3-pyra-Zolidinone. chloride and Z-phenyl-E-(o-carboxyphenyl)-naphtho-[1,21-triazollum chloride, tetrazolium compounds such as 2,5-diphenyl-3-(o-carboxyphenyl)-2,1,3,4-tetrazolium chloride and 2,5-diphenyl-3-(p'methoxyphenyl)-2,1,3,4-tetrazolium chloride, leucoplitlalocyaniiies such as Phthalogene Blue IB (Farbenfabriken Bayer AG, Leverkusen,

. ermany 6. 8hydroxy-l,2,3, l-tetrahydroquiuoliue and derivatives Inorganic and organic salts or soaps of iron, copper, silver, gold, cobalt and cadmium such as iron (III) chloride, iron (III) stearate, iron (II) chloride, iron (II) sulphate, iron(II) stearate, copperfll) chloride, c0pper(ll) stearate, silver nitrate, silver behenate, andl cgplalttfll) chloride. Oxidising agents such as potassium dichromate and ammonium m0 y a e.

7t' Phenolsiand naphthols, e.g. pyrocatechol, tert.-butylpyrocatechol, pyrogallol, tert.-butyl-pyrogelll, 4-aminol-naphthol 4-methoxy-1-naphthol, resorclnol, 2,3- dihydroxynaphthalene and 1,4-dihydroxynaphthalene.

10. Nitrosoderivatives, e.g. N -nitrosodiphenylamine, p-

nitroso'dimethylaniline and l-nitroso-Z-naphthol.

1 1: Tu'azene compounds such as 1,3-diphenyl-triazene:

12, Aromatic amines and aromatic amino-hydroxy compounds, e'.g. 1amino-2-naphthol, 8-hydroxy-quinoline, p'phenylenediamine, and m-phenylenediamine.

13. Nitro compounds, e.g. 2nitro-4-chloroaniline, l-chloro- 2:nitro-4-diethyl sulphamoyl-benzene and dintroresorcinol.

14. Compounds that, on heating, set free alkali, e.g. those described in United Kingdom patent specification 983,363 and alkaline compounds, e.g. diethanolamine, tetramethylguanidine, p-phenylenediamine, and triethylarmne.

In. the preparation of the capsules it is sometimes necessary to use antifrothing agents, e.g. octyl alcohol, during the step of evaporating the organic solvent or mixture of organic solvents. The organic water-immiscible solvent is preferably of such type that it can be easily removed by evaporation under normal pressure conditions, in other words it has preferably a boiling point below 100 C. The evaporation under vacuum conditions, however, is not excluded and is particularly interesting in those cases wherein-heat-sensitive substances have to be encapsulated and wherein theevaporation temperature has to be kept belowthe melting point or reaction temperature of substances forming the capsule shell or contained in the capsule fill.

The present invention includes the following examples. The percentages are by weight if not otherwise indicated.

EXAMPLE 1 In a first step 3 q. of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) (an oxidizing agent) were dissolved in a mixture of 10 ml. of water, 5 ml. ofglycerol and 1 ml. of

solution of gelatin. The obtained mixture was emulsified into 100 ml. of a solution of polystyrene in methylcue-chloride.

In a second step 375 ml. of a 1% aqueous solution of gelatin were mixed in a 1 l. flask with 125 ml. of glycerol, whereupon the mixture was heated on a waterbath till While vigorously being stirred the emulsion prepared in step 1 was added to the mixture prepared instep 2 and the temperature-of the whole composition gradually raised till 50-55 C.

and once with 100 ml. of plain water.

Inorganic and organic salts or soaps of iron, copper, silver, gold, mercury, nickel, cobalt, cadmium, cerium and tin, e.g. iron(III) stearate, iron(III) chloride, iron(I I) chloride, iron(II) sulphate, iron(II) stearate, copper(II) sulphate, copperfll) chloride, copper(II) stearate, silver nitrate, silver stearate, silver behenate, gold(III) chloride, gold stearate, mercuro stearate, nickel stearate, cerium(IV) stearate and tin(II) chloride. Oxidising agents such as potassium dichromate, ammonium molybdate, ammonium vanadate,.and quinone derivatives such as tetrachloroquinone.

Nitroso compounds such as p-nitrosodimethylanilino and N-nitrosodiphenylamine.

5-bromo-2-amino-thiazoles, e.g. Z-ethylamino-4-phenyl-5-bromothiazole and Z-diphenylamino-4-phenyl-5-brornothiazole.

Aromatic aldehydes and ketones, e.g. tetrachloroquinone, 1,4-naphthoquinone,2-chloronaphthoquinone, fi-chlorovanillin, p-dimethylamino-benzaldehyde and 2,4-dinitrobenzaldehyde.

Aromatic hydroxy compounds, e.g. pyrogallol, gallic acid, methyl-p-aminophenol sulphate, and 4-methoxy-1-naphthol.

Metal salts, e.g. iron(II) sulphate and cobalt acetate.

Amines, e.g. 2,5-diaminotoluene and benzylaniline.

Coupling agents for diazotype printing, e.g. 3-hydroxy-2-naphthanilide and 3-hydroxy- N-2-naphthyl-2-naphthamide.

Compounds that change in colour when the pH changes, e.g. the leucoform of p-nitrophenol, phenol phthaleine, bromothymol blue chlorophenol red, brorno cresol 1purple, oxonol dyes and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro4-[2-(3-methyl-lbenzothiazolinylideue)ethy idene]- xanthyliumtetrachloroferrate (III) Mixtures of a diazonium salt and a coupler, e.g. the combination of p-diethylaminobenzene diazonium-tetrafluoroborate and phloroglucinol.

The capsules could be ruptured by pressure and were used in a pressure-sensitive self-generating image-forming paper sheet containing leuco crystal violet, which is oxidized to the corresponding triphenyl methane dye by oxidation with the potassium hexacyanoferrateflll) liberated from the capsules.

EXAMPLE 2 A solution of 5 g. of N-(2-hydroxyethyl) 2,3,3 -trimethyl-indolinium bromide (diazotype coupler) in 17 ml. of water and 2 ml. of a 10% aqueous solution of gelatin was mixed with 8 ml. of ethylene glycol. This solution was then emulsified into a mixture of 14 ml. of a 15 solution of polystyrene in methylene chloride and 17 ml. of diethyl ether. The mixer used was a high speed mixer, more particularly an Ultra Turrax Type 45 stirrer (Ultra Turrax is a trade name).

In a second step, 170 ml. of a 1% solution of gelatin in water was mixed with 80 ml. of ethylene glycol and heated on a water bath till 30 C.

While stirring with the same Ultra Turrax mixer as used in step 1, the emulsion was slowly poured into the mixture prepared in step 2. For antifoaming purposes 3 ml. of a 10% solution of Bayer E (Bayer E is an antifoaming agent on the basis of silicones sold by Farbenfabriken Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany) were added. When droplets of about 510,u were obtained (after 2-5 minutes of stirring) the Ultra Turrax mixer was replaced by an ordinary laboratory stirrer.

The temperature of the water bath was raised till 44 C., and when nearly all of the solvent mixture was evaporated, the encapsulation was completed at 50-55 C.

After cooling to 30 C., the capsules were isolated by centrifugation at 2000 r.p.m. They were washed with tap water and separated by centrifuging again. Drying of the wet capsules proceeded by spreading them out on waterabsorbing porous plates.

The obtained capsules were-rupturable by pressure and meltable. On setting free their content by pressure or melting a chemical reaction with a light-sensitive diazonium compound such as the diazonium compound obtained aqueous by diazotation of p-amino-N,N-dimethylaniline suited for the copulation with the N-(Z-hydroxyethyl)-2,3,3-trimethylindolinium bromide was produced.

EXAMPLE 3 In a first step a solution of 2 g. of hydroquinone in 34 ml. of water was mixed with 4 ml. of a aqueous solution of gelatin and 16 ml. of glycerol added thereto. This solution was then emulsified into a mixture of 28 ml. of a solution of polystyrene in methylene chloride and 34 ml. of diethyl ether. The same high speed stirrer as in Example 2 was used.

In a second step, 20 g. of hydroquinone was dissolved at 40 C. in a mixture of 340 ml. of a 1% solution of gelatin in water and 160 ml. of glycerol.

The emulsion obtained in the first step was added to the solution obtained in the second step and the encapsulation elfected as described in Example 2.

Microcapsules with a diameter of 5l0,a were obtained. The concentration of hydroquinone in the capsules was the same as that applied in the first step.

EXAMPLE 4 To 200 ml. of 10% aqueous solution of lead acetate, 50 ml. of 10% aqueous gelatin solution and 250 ml. of glycerol were added. Half of the thus obtained mixture was added in about 5 minutes to 200 ml. of a 10% solution of polystyrene in chloroform, placed in a 2 l. beaker in a water bath at C. During addition, the mixture was stirred with an Ultra-Turrax mixer Type 45 at fairly low speed. Ultra-Turrax is a trade name of Janke & Kunkel, Staufen, Germany. After the addition, stirring was continued some 3 or 5 minutes till droplets sizing about 5 microns were obtained. Thereupon the rest of this mixture was added.

The Ultra-Turrax mixer was replaced by an ordinary laboratory propeller stirrer. The temperature of the water bath was gradually raised till 7580 C. When all the chloroform was removed, the suspension of capsules was cooled till 3540 C. The capsules were filtered with suction and once washed thoroughly with 300 ml. of 50% aqueous glycerol solution. The filtrate could be re-used in another encapsulation.

The capsules [1] sizing from 6 to 25 microns, were dispersed in acetonitrile, containing 1% by weight of oleic acid and 10% by weight of a phenolformaldehyde resin of the novolac type as binder. Then the mixture was coated onto a paper base containing dithiooxamide in the paper mass.

In that way a pressure-sensitive recording material was obtained.

Capsules with meltable capsule walls were obtained by substituting in the above composition the solution of polystyrene in chloroform by a 10% by weight solution of copoly(vinyltoluene isobutyl methacrylate) (mol ratio 50/50).

We claim:

1. A process of encapsulating an aqueous solution having dissolved therein in a predetermined concentration at least one Water-soluble substance in a solid mantle of a polymeric material, which comprises:

(A) dispersing said aqueous solution in a solution of a film-forming hydrophobic polymeric material in a water-immiscible solvent having a boiling point lower than about C.,

(B) emulsifying the dispersion thus obtained in an aqueous continuous phase containing a hydrophilic colloid and said water-soluble substance, the concentration in said continuous phase of said water-soluble substance being at least as great as its concentration in said first-mentioned aqueous phase, and

(C) evaporating said water-immiscible solvent from the system, said polymer being selected from the group consisting of a polymer and copolymer of at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of styrene, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, vinyl esters, vinyl ethers, acrylic acid esters and methacrylic acid esters, acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile, a polycondensation polymer of the group consisting of a polyamide, a polyesteramide, a polycarbonate, a polycarboxylic acid ester of a polyol and a polyphenol, a polysulphonate and a polyphosphonate, and a polyaddition polymer selected from the group consisting of a polyurethane, a hydrophobized hydrophilic polymer, a hydrophobized cellulose derivative and a chlorinated elastomer.

2. A process according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophilic colloid is a hydrophilic colloid that is soluble in water for at least 1% by weight.

3. A process according to claim 2, wherein the hydrophilic colloid is a colloid selected from the groups consisting of a hydrophilic natural colloid, a modified hydrophilic natural colloid, and a synthetic hydrophilic colloid.

4. A process according to claim 3, wherein the hydrophilic colloid is gelatin.

5. A process according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous solution to be encapsulated contains a hygroscopic compound.

6. A process according to claim 5, wherein the said hygroscopic compound is a water-attracting polyol.

7. A process according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous liquid to be encapsulated contains a non-ionic water-soluble compound.

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,043,782 7/ 1962 Jensen 252-316 3,306,747 2/1967 Haas 252-316 X 3,523,906 8/1970 Vrancken et a1 252-316 OTHER REFERENCES Larian, Fundamentals of Chemical Engineering Operations, Englewood Cliffs, NJ., Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1958, p. 167.

RICHARD D. LOVERING, Primary Examiner U.S. Cl. X.R.

8-79; 96-91 R, 97; 11736.8, 36.9, 100 B; 252-62.] 182, 186, 188, 301.2 R; 264-4; 424-32, 33, 35 

